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THE RELUCTANT FUNDAMENTALIST Arbeitsmaterialien zu Chapter 10 inhaltliche Bausteine zur Romananalyse Chapter 10 Chapter 10 The Reluctant Fundamentalist by Mohsin Hamid Arbeitsgrundlage ist die Penguin Ausgabe von 2008 CHAPTER 10 Changez changes After his stay in Lahore Changez has not only changed his outward appearance. Compare his attitude and behaviour during the projects in Manila and Valparaiso. What changes do you detect MANILA MANILA SKYLINE http rwrant.co.za wpcontent uploads 2010 11 ManilaSkyline.jpg VALPARAISO VALPARAISO SKYLINE http www.flickr.com photos mastorrent 578 6229744 The flight first class flight and more comfort enjoying luxuries like champagne excited optimistic first project like a darker and better paid James Bond self important The flight first class flight and more comfort no longer excited by luxuries refuses champagne preoccupied with war in Pakistan does not eat or drink regrets having accepted project The project recorded music business owner drug addict former legendary figure in the music business no name business success due to outsourcing deals success due to luck not hard work largest operation in Southeast Asia The project publishing company the owners want to sell manager Juan Bautista reminds Changez of his maternal grandfather old man dedicated to books for Jim books are part of the media industry finance only educational and professional publishing is profitable so literary publishing to be stopped Changez attitude focus on fundamentals collecting data ignoring environment atmosphere history playacting American feeling powerful because his team was shaping the future Changez attitude books are loved in his family his father s uncle was a poet Changez cannot concentrate on work aware of environment history and atmosphere Valapraiso a distraction similar to Lahore a town of former grandeur now in decline visits home of Pablo Neruda a Chilean poet Changez crucial experiences hostile driver arouses Third World Sensibility Changez crucial experiences catalyst of change story of janissaries Changez feels closer to Filipino than to the members of his team Changez Pakistaniness invisible if he is with his team successful cooperation with his team Changez negligent work attitude he loses his blinders Changez lack of commitment threatens vice president s position vice president no connection on human level immersed in his professional micro universe Jim s support praise for good work and warning of burnout Changez under Jim s wings Jim s support Jim s appeal not to undermine the firm not to hurt the team Changez betrayal occurs at a difficult time at the firm Departure and return to New York ethnic profiling at the airport feeling under suspicion harassment at immigration Departure and return to New York return to New York RISKS loss of job loss of visa Changez changes less impressed by status symbols no longer self important more preoccupied with crisis in Pakistan and its ramifications for his family more personal approach to project in Valparaiso the manager has got a name Changez appreciation of books project means more than collecting and valuing aware of consequences of his work disrupting Juan Bautista s life by destroying the literature department of the publishing company no longer immersed in work no longer focusing on fundamentals aware of environment its atmosphere and history aware of missing human relationship vice president s name is not mentioned Changez doubts about the objective of his work overturning lives to make a profit compassion with Juan Bautista troubling Manila experience Filipino driver anxieties overcome by hard work troubling Valparaiso experience Juan Bautista and story about janissaries decision to stop working on the project risks losing job and visa money needed to help his family Changez betrays his protector Jim and ignores his protector s appeals he feels no longer obliged to or flattered by this man of substance p.82 CONCLUSION Changez has lost his blinders p.106 is no longer reluctant to act takes a decision Changez between the vice president and Juan Bautista Changez vice president anonymous PUN a vice president with vice Changez commanding officer unaware of turmoil taking place in Changez no connection on human level with Changez resents Changez slack performance and Juan Bautista more personal approach aware of Changez disorientation and his anxieties pleases Changez when he finds his relative the poet in a Spanish anthology ignores personal and political issues that affect a person s emotional state poisonous atmosphere in the team room focus on fundamentals detached functions completely immersed in his professional micro universe overturning other s lives to make a profit negative role model as to Changez Americanized identity without a stable core p.168 without a sense of belonging at ease with blinders suggests a visit to the poet Pablo Neruda s house during the day opening hours invites Changez to lunch discusses Changez s inner conflict chief of publishing company tries to keep the loss making literary department not only the profitable educational and professional publications eye opener as to Changez personal identity Changez is still on inflective journey to self discovery p.166 getting rid of blinders STYLISTIC DEVICES p.160 ... making good progress except for a brief blockage Setting creates atmosphere start of project in Valparaiso two brilliant analysts at work alliteration emphasis Changez s anxieties affect his work performance where the mechanical shovels routine tools automated process tore out great bites of the red terms suggest predator to tear bite violence earth that characterizes Chile s red wound colour of blood central valley heartland description of setting conveying idea of future action mirrors Changez turmoil restraints of work experiences casting doubts on his work emphasis on contrasts conflict and resentment on the team job and salary prove protection outer action inner action enumeration illustrates ideal working conditions whereas before work helped Changez to get over worries he can no longer focus on work illustrating Changez alienation from his work p.162 the clicking of wooden storm shutters against their restraints hot afternoons fog and morning chill glad for the wool of his suit description of setting my laptop was open my Internet connection enabled and my pen and notebook positioned by my side I found myself unable to concentrate on our work description of setting Analyse Changez phrase ... my blinders were coming off and I was dazzled and rendered immobile by the sudden broadening of my arc of vision. p.165 blinders limiting his scope of vision blinders due to focus on good results at university career at Underwood Samson not aware of living in a micro universe were coming off past progressive tense describes ongoing process dazzled increasing scope of vision overwhelms Changez immobile Changez s unexpected experience makes him unable to act broadening arc suggests a widening gate to something new Juan Bautista s motives I never came to know why Juan Bautista singled me out. p.166 Evaluate the reasons Changez suggests. Which one do you favour Give reasons for your answer. empathy sentimental explanation gifted with remarkable powers of empathy observing Changez dilemma compassion with Changez help Changez to resolve problems foil to the detached vicepresident common bond love of books like maternal grandfather spontaneous liking finding Punjabi poet in Spanish anthology to please Changez caring for Changez well being suggesting visit to Neruda s house to get Changez mind off his worries invites Changez to lunch to introduce him to Chilean food manipulation suspicious explanation detects the weakness in one of his enemies Changez easy to bring down clever sabotage to harm the project coincidence indifferent explanation very short explanation meant to stop speculation as Juan Bautista s motives no longer matter not pleased with valuation team tries to save literature department finding Punjabi poet in Spanish anthology to insinuate himself into Changez confidence to drive a wedge between Changez and the vice president suggesting visit to Neruda s house to hinder work at project invites Changez to lunch to manipulate Changez he desired more than any other to see our client s acquisition to proceed p.171 evading problem fatalistic approach STYLISTIC DEVICES p.166 perhaps he was... perhaps he saw perhaps it was.... p.166 Juan Bautista added considerable momentum to my inflective journey a journey that continues to this day p.171 Juan Bautista ambling at a pace so slow that it would likely have been illegal for him to cross at an intersection in New York p.167 Neruda s home seemed only an imaginary caravan ride away from my city or a sail by night down the Ravi and Indus anaphoric use of perhaps to emphasize lack of certainty Juan Bautista did not initiate the process of alienation from Changez work he only accelerated an ongoing development which has not ended Juan Bautista too old and not suited to the modern hectic business world reference to jaywalking in New York which might carry a fine Neruda s home evokes memories of Lahore even if Valparaiso is on the other side of the globe spiritually the place is very close Changez nostalgic retrospective is illustrated by old means of transport such as a caravan ride or a sailing ship Why does Changez describe lunch with Juan Bautista as the final catalyst for his change p.170 a catalyst precipitates a process or event without being involved in or changed by the consequence at the time Changez s transformation was coming to an end he was on the threshold to take the final step so Juan Bautista is not responsible for Changez s decision to stop working for the project he might not benefit either because the valuation process and the sale of the publishing company will go on without Changez s participation Changez a modern day janissary Describe Juan Bautista s tactics when he tries to prove to Changez cannot deny responsibility for the effects of the valuation process. ISSUE Changez extenuation Juan Bautista s analogy Changez conclusion Juan Bautista s tactics to make a living by disrupting the lives of others we only value we do not decide.... story of janissaries detecting parallels between himself and the janissaries problem responsibility of his doing ignoring effect of his doing he regards himself as a well functioning tool which cannot be blamed for negative effects of a decision presents problem of loyalty does not offer a ready made conclusion recognition of his faulty attitude introspection then taking the deliberate decision to stop working at the project no longer reluctant to take sides HINT During his narration Changez is preoccupied with the smell taste and texture of food. Juan Bautista must have hit his mark because Changez can no longer recall the taste of the dish sea bass cooked in salt. BACKGROUND INFORMATION JANISSARIES Juan Bautista chooses features of the janissaries to match his analogy to Changez. You can check his choice in the following texts 1 Material zu Ausstellung Türkenbeute im Badischen Landesmuseum Karlsruhe Die Knabenlese Rekrutierung der Begabtesten http www.tuerkenbeute.de kun kun kri Knabenlese de.php Der einsame Weg zur Macht Die Elite bezahlte ihre Zugehörigkeit zur Führungsschicht mit dem Verlust all ihrer Bindungen an Familie Heimatland und Herkunft Kultur und Religion und widmete sich stattdessen mit ganzem Herzen Reich und Großherrn. Quellentexte http www.tuerkenbeute.de res pdf forschung nachweise quellen Knabenlese.pdf Material zu Ausstellung Türkenbeute im Badischen Landesmuseum Karlsruhe 2 Sylvia Ducharme Slaves of the Sultan the Janissaries May 2001 http cmes.hmdc.harvard.edu files Slaves of the Sultan.pdf 3 James M. Ludlow The Tribute of Children 1493 Islamic History Sourcebook http www.fordham.edu halsall islam 1493janissaries.asp 4 The term janissary is often used to describe a traitor to his own people. e.g. Peter James Cottrell s novel England s Janissaries 2012 describes the Catholic Irishman Kevin Flynn an ex Dublin Fusilier in WW I who turned RIC Royal Irish Constabulary policeman. During the Irish War of Independence 1919 1921 working as a policeman means working for the British which made him a traitor. e.g. I know perfectly well that it can t last. Whatever we think we are courtiers in an oriental Sultanate and there is a corps of janissaries with bowstrings at the ready at the palace door. Hugh Redwald Trevor Roper director of The Times about the media mogul Ruper Murdoch who bought the Times newspapers and planned to transfer the ownership into his New International Corporation. The Times would then no longer be a separate company. http www.guardian.co.uk media greenslade 2010 jul 26 rupert murdoch hugh trevor roper The janissary analogy Juan Bautista abruptly introduces his narration about janissaries. Examine Juan Bautista s description and Changez conclusion. Juan Bautista s description Christian boys captured by the Ottomans trained to be soldiers in a Muslim army the greatest army in the world ferocious and utterly loyal fought to erase their own civilization they had nothing else to turn to devoted to their adopted empire because they had no memories of their childhood the only explicit link between the janissaries and Changez is Juan Bautista s comparison of age implicit reproach to Changez awareness the janissaries had neither homes nor memories to return to whereas Changez left Pakistan at the age of 18 and decided to pursue his career in the USA in spite of his misgivings against this country implicit reference to Changez disorientation Changez and the janissaries feel lost because they identify with their work and thus reduce their identity to well functioning tools implicit reference to Changez work attitude Changez proved ferocious and utterly loyal during the project in New Jersey where he ignored the employees interests Changez criticism of American politics and his high powered career in an American institution of global high finance cannot be reconciled For Changez working in and for America means betraying his better nature In return for scholarships and university education he was prepared to contribute his talents to American society join its ranks of meritocracy p.4. At the beginning the job at Underwood Samson meant the complete transformation of his life and the end to worries about money and status p.16 Now he objects to American politics and the economic power of Underwood Samson. His loyalty to his home country and his compassion Changez conclusion Changez a modern day janissary a servant of the American empire America invading Afghanistan a neighbouring Muslim country American involved in war threat against Pakistan Underwood Samson officers of the American empire Changez sides with Underwood Samson though he feels compassion with the people whose lives the empire thought nothing of overturning for its own gain with the victims of ruthless takeovers cause Changez doubts and disorientation. He can no longer focus on fundamentals he must take a decision. Changez decision to refuse to work on the project STYLISTIC DEVICES p.173 with the demeanour of a man facing a firing squad Implementing his decision alliteration comparison to a man facing death by execution decision not to work on the project any longer will mean complete destruction for Changez present life end of career dismissal loss of visa loss of comfortable life style no money to support his family return to a country on the brink of war socio economic decline will continue on the other hand less turmoil finding his inner balance true to his identity no selfdenial no alienation etc. QUOTE In the exhibition Türkenbeute in the Badisches Landesmuseum Karlsruhe you find this explanation about the janissaries. Der einsame Weg zur Macht Die Elite bezahlte ihre Zugehörigkeit zur Führungsschicht mit dem Verlust all ihrer Bindungen an Familie Heimatland und Herkunft Kultur und Religion und widmete sich stattdessen mit ganzem Herzen Reich und Großherrn. http www.tuerkenbeute.de kun kun kri Knabenlese de.php TEXT from EXHIBITION at the Badisches Landesmuseum in Karlsruhe. Die talentiertesten Jungen schickte man nicht zur Landbevölkerung und anschließend in die Militärschule. Sie durften von Kindheit an in einer der großherrlichen Residenzen Istanbul Edirne Bursa die Palastschulen besuchen. Dort genossen sie eine hervorragende Erziehung und Ausbildung. Sie lernten Theologie Koranlehre Literatur Sprachen und Rechtslehre aber auch Militärwissenschaften und Waffenkunde. Ebenso wurden sie in den schönen Künsten in Kalligrafie Buchmalerei oder Musik unterrichtet. Auch körperliche Ertüchtigung z.B. Reiten und der Umgang mit Waffen z.B. Bogenschießen wurden groß geschrieben. Wichtige Werte waren Disziplin und absoluter Gehorsam gegenüber dem Sultan der seine Schützlinge gelegentlich besuchte. Die Besten stiegen in den unmittelbaren Umkreis des Padischahs auf... Sie schlugen die militärische Laufbahn ein oder übernahmen einen Posten in der Staatsverwaltung. Viele von ihnen stiegen zu den höchsten mtern des Staates auf.. http www.tuerkenbeute.de kun kun kri Knabenlese de.php TASK What additional aspect do you find in this quote about janissaries. Does this aspect apply to Changez as well additional aspect education and career joining the meritocracy lite eager to acquire money and status and to stop his family s socio economic decline is prepared to identity to the requirements in America Changez turmoil and decision STYLISTIC DEVICES p.173 Of course I was struggling Of course I felt torn Discussion anaphora of course emphasis on inner conflict and difficult decision Considering the consequences of refusing to work on the project is Changez decision right or wrong List the pros and cons of his decision first. PROS finding his inner balance no longer denying his identity no alienation no longer an exotic foreigner self realization regaining sense of belonging returning to caring family no longer money minded career less important for a fulfilled life focus on fundamentals means limited view on life dislike of his work living according to his convictions and values end of relationship with Erica CHANGEZ CONS missing the deadline harming the ailing firm dismissal and end of career unreliable employee harming his colleagues betraying his protector Jim unemployment loss of visa return to Pakistan and an uncertain future loss of comfortable lifestyle cf. aim to stop socioeconomic decline to end worries about money and status p.16 end of his American Dream no money to support his family who needs his financial support e.g. repairs p.169 Of course I was struggling Of course I felt torn more emotional reasons resolve to ignore the cons because he can no longer focus on fundamentals more materialistic reasons Changez decision a slap in the face for his protector Jim Discussion Does Changez really betray his protector To prepare your discussion During the conference call Jim appeals to Changez to resume his work. Analyse why Jim s pleas must fail. p.174 Look kid you undermine our firm you hurt your team in wartime soldiers do not really fight for their flags they fight for their friends their buddies their team condescending address treating Changez like an irresponsible child Changez objects to focus on fundamentals without considering people s fate team in Valparaiso consists of two persons only allusion to fighting spirit national identity as an abstract concept any personal contact on the human level is missing there is only a professional contact reasons do not apply former role model gratitude obligation to fulfill given task breach of trust Jim gave Changez a chance in spite of economic problems at the firm Changez aware of betraying his protector deliberately ignores feelings of gratitude and obligation Why does Changez feel obliged to Jim Changez admires Jim a man of substance p. 82 Jim always stood by Changez Changez causes failure of project deadline will be missed project act of faith and generosity at a time of financial weakness Discussion HOT CHAIR Jim answers to his colleagues in New York. Ein Schüler übernimmt die Rolle Jims und reagiert auf die Fragen der LErngruppe. Jim informs his colleagues at Underwood Samson about Changez decision suggests dismissing Changez defends giving special support and the chance in Valparaiso to Changez A TELEPHONE CALL Wainright calls Changez to make him stay in Valparaiso to finish the project. Stages of Changez relationship with AmErica Describe the development of Changez relationship with Erica America. ERICA impressed by regal Erica offering to carry her backpack happy flirt in Greece Changez reluctant behaviour first symptoms of failure her magnetism attracts people but withdrawal inside her inner world her bond to deceased Chris first warning signals of Erica s illness pale sleepless crying only alive when talking about Chris failed attempts at love making Erica s constant companion AMERICA 9 11 impressed by promising American Dream working hard brilliant exam high powered career in finance making use of his foreignness first symptoms of failure unfavourable comparisons between USA and Pakistan grudge against superior power of America Manila first warning signals hard work disorientation his Third World Sensibility sense of belonging to the East playacting American to boost his selfconfidence gloating at 9 11 experiences of ethnic profiling needs Erica as entry ticket into New York society New York after 9 11 relapse into the past ethnic harassment making himself believe he is exempt valuation project in New Jersey hostility of employees mantra focus on fundamentals bombing of Aghanistan first slackening at job alcohol oversleeping self deception difficult to uphold American nostalgia patriotism economic problems at Underwood Samson visit to Lahore return to New York feeling like a traitor beard to provoke negligent performance at Underwood Samson Manila turmoil and doubts about job compassion versus fundamentals of business decision to stop work at projet end of Changez American Dream subscribes to Princeton weekly paper a squint into his former life anti American lectures of an ex janissary protest movement accused of being involved with terrorist groups LIVING IN A TROUBLED PRESENT relapse into the past less and less contact calls and messages unanswered Erica no longer vivid and confident now and pale and nervous creature relapse into crisis after Chris death Erica not good for Changez lovemaking only possible by self denial Changez pretending to be Chris Erica on medication disappearing into her nostalgia Erica in clinic out of reach for Changez Erica s world will hurt Changez final farewell Erica s disappearance from mental institution death suicide imaginary life with Erica in Lahore she is part of his life in Lahore cf. Erica Chris Changez Erica LIVING IN AN UNLIKELY FUTURE D E C L I N E BACKGROUND BRAIN DRAIN OR HUMAN CAPTIAL FLIGHT 1 Indians in America high achieving ethnic group ...den intensiven Beziehungen der amerikanischen und indischen Gesellschaft. Die indische Mittelschicht ist pro amerikanisch. Fast jede Familie dieser Schicht hat Verwandte in den USA wo etwa zwei Millionen Inder leben denen es dort sehr gut geht. Jeder zehnte Inder in den USA ist ein Dollarmillionär. Auf dem Gebiet der Informationstechnologie sind Indien und die USA so eng miteinander verbunden dass man fast schon von einer gegenseitigen Abhängigkeit sprechen kann. Dietrich Reetz Antiamerikanismus in Pakistan März 2003 http www.zmo.de dietrich Antiamerikanismus 20in 20Pakistan.pdf 2 List of successful Americans from India http en.wikipedia.org wiki List of Indian Americans some examples from a long list Nobel Prize Amartya Sen Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences 1998 professor at Harvard University Nitin Nohria Dean of Harvard Business School Manjul Bhargava professor of mathematics at Princeton University Science and Technology Narinder Singh Kapany Engineer called the Father of Fiber Optics Vinod Dham designed the Intel Pentium Chip Processor Krishna Bharat principal scientist at Google Business Executives Ajay Banga President and CEO of Mastercard Indra Nooyi Chairman and CEO PepsiCo Rajiv Gupta former General Manager of Hewlett Packard 3 Facts and figures Bachelor Degree or Higher Indian 71 1 Median Household Income 2009 Indian 88 538 http en.wikipedia.org wiki Indian American cite note 27 Total US Population Total US Population 28 0 50 221 4 Changez describes the selection process to find the best and brightest p.4 . In return for education and financial support these students were meant to contribute to American society later on. Flying back from Pakistan Changez feels like a traitor. He is full of contempt for the students and young professionals the fittest and brightest who leave their country to return to a better and more profitable life in America. 5 Thomas L.Friedman in The Open Door Bailout The New York Times from 10th February 2009 claims that In an age when attracting the first round intellectual draft choices from around the world is the most important competitive advantage a knowledge economy can have. http www.nytimes.com 2009 02 11 opinion 11friedman.html DISCUSSION After acquiring skills and qualifications abroad scientists technologists and academics should return to their home countries even if this means giving up better pay equipment or conditions. They are obliged to work at developing their country of origin. ZUSATZTEXTE 1 Beyond brain drain. Human capital increasingly votes with its feet The Economist 24th June 2008 http www.economist.com node 11611190 story id 11611190 2 Slideshare Presentation on Brain Drain http de.slideshare.net coolabhi brain drain presentation 3 Lilli Sippel Von Brain Drain zu Brain Circulation 2009 http www.berlin institut.org online handbuchdemografie entwicklung von brain drain zu braincirculation.html BACKGROUND Changez talks about the nuclear tests carried out by India and Pakistan to threaten each other and about diplomats negotiating in the capitals Delhi and Islamabad to prevent a war. Changez complains that America s neutrality between India and Pakistan favoured the larger and in Changez view belligerent India. He expects America to treat Pakistan as an American ally American military bases in Pakistan to conduct the war in Afghanistan and protect Pakistan in case of an Indian attack. p.162 . He mentions rumours that America secretly sided with India. Is Changez view biased Zur Hintergrundinformation oder auch als Mediationsübung eignen sich folgende Texte im Internet 1 Dietrich Reetz Indiens Partnerschaft mit USA Antiamerikanismus in Pakistan März 2003 Pakistan India Standoff 2002 http www.zmo.de dietrich Antiamerikanismus 20in 20Pakistan.pdf 2 Dietmar Rothermund Indien in der Weltpolitik der Gegenwart http auslandskunde.de english volltext e.php id 162 3 Dietmar Rothermund Die USA und Indien Gegenseitige Einschätzungen und politisches Handeln http www.unserheer.at pdf pool publikationen 09 sse 08 uie.pdf 4 Alex Stolar To The Brink Indian Decision Making and the 2001 2002 Standoff http www.stimson.org spotlight to the brink indian decision making and the 2001 2002standoff Changez reluctant att empt to help Erica Reluctance both in his private and his professional life seems to permeate Changez attitude behaviour reactions and decisions. He never really commits himself instead he passively watches Erica s withdrawal and decline in his job feelings of inferiority some grudge conflicts of loyalty or doubts increasingly affect his performance. After his farewell from Erica at the clinic he ponders on ways to help Erica. Analyse the stylistic devices pp.159 160 . What do his ruminations reveal ERICA emaciated detached lacking in life passivity and desire for solitude before death memories of dying dog tick powder meant to protect dog caused leukemia veterinarian s warning too late physical illness mental illness Eastern tradition of shared rituals of mysticism healing through care affection and desire of others IMAGERY from biochemistry Changez hopes to reach Erica through a process of osmosis because his direct approaches have been rejected by her membrane. The use metaphorical term osmosis conveys the idea of a gradual often unconscious process of assimilation or absorption. The membrane is only a thin layer not a shield. Changez again proves reluctant to actively help Erica. He reaches out to her by being present but their long periods of separation render his attempt futile. He is aware of Eastern rituals to heal but does not apply them. His spontaneous memories of his dying dogs involve conflicting ideas whereas in Western culture the dog symbolizes friendship and loyalty this animal is regarded as unclean in Muslim tradition. a biochemical disposition inevitable process More stylistic devices tit for tat tests p.162 inflective journey p.166 alliteration metaphor emphasis tit for tat to describe the mutual threats through nuclear tests illustrates Changez development with the idea of travelling and turning off a course vice president second in rank after the president vice wicked or evil conduct or habits vice president the word vice in the title notwithstanding p.170 pun threshold of great change p.170 catalyst metaphor metaphor concrete term entrance or doorway to illustrate a new beginning image taken from chemistry something that precipitates a process or event especially without being involved in or changed by the consequences Klasse 10 Klasse 11 Klasse 12 Englisch Sekundarstufe A. Lenhardt Patz THE RELUCTANT FUNDAMENTALIST Mohsin Hamid